A mixture to two parts hydrogen gas and one part of oxygen gas by volume(hydrox), is an idela non-polluting fuel. It does not explode by itself, but explodes upon sparking. Fuel-air mixing is not necessary. Hydrox can be generated at required amounts and at required rates by electrolysing a solution of 15% KOH ( Or its equivalent in NaOH), between cobalt cathodes and nickel anodes. The amount of hydrox produced is nearly equal to the amount of electricity used. The rate of production of hydrox is directly proportional to the surface area of the electrodes. In this reaction, water consumed.
Hydrogen can be conveniently produced at required amounts and at required rates by the action of water on saline hydrides, the most suitable one is 'hydrollith' ( calcium hydride). Hydrogen is the best fuel for energy delivery.
Now both hydrox or hydrogen mixed with air, produce superheated steam upon sparking, which can impinge upon a surface like the blades of a rotor, to give thrust for imparting rotary motion to the rotor shaft, and then exit through the exhaust, this rotary motion of the rotor shaft can be used to drive a propeller, or to run a dynamo to produce electricity. The electricity produced by the dynamo can be stored in storage batteries, which, in turn, can carry out electrolysis in a set-up to produce hydrox. Batteries can also be charged using solar energy. Hydrolith is produced by passing hydrogen over hot calcium metal.
Friday, July 31, 2009
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
India launched All-weather Earth Imaging Satellite
Marking a major technological leap forword for the indian sace programme, India's first microwave earth imaging satellite Risat-II, was successfully lauched by the four-stage spce workhorse PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) on the morning of 20 April. The satellite has been realized by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in association with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).
The 44-metre tall, 230 tonne version of PSLV featuring alternate liquied and solid fuel driven stages also obtained the country's first university-built microsatellite Anusat as a piggy backpayload. In this flight, which blasted of from the second launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota Island on India's eastern coast, the PSLV carried indigenously developed advanced mission computers and advanced telemetry systems that guided the vehicle from lilst-off to the injection of the two satellites into desired orbits.
Risat-II is desiggned for a lifespan of three years. It was put into an orbit 550 km above the earth's surface with an inclination of 41 degrees to the equator and an orbital periods of 90 minutes. Featuring an X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Risat-II is euiped to collect datea even under conditions of cloud, haze and darkness. Its all-weather imaging capability could highly benefical in monitoring natural disters such as floods, landlsides and cyclones. No wonder, ISRO considers the 300 kg Risat-II as a valuable too for dister management.
Moreoer, sinse it can view water bodies and vegation in great detail, Risat-II can also be used for drought monitoring. A fully Indian builit Risat -I microwave imaging satellite carrying a C-band SAR and weighing around 1780 kg is planned to be launched something during this year.
Incidentally, the IRS series of earth observation satelites being operated by India lack the all weather imaging capability. Says Dr G. Madavan Nair, Chairman, ISRO, "So far we have been depending on the Canadian-built Radarsat system for all weather data. Now, we will become independent with out indigenous capability."
Risat-II has made India the fifth country in the world to possess a microwave imaging spce system. The 40 kg Anusat designed for a life span of two years and built by the Chenni-based Anna University under the fguidance of ISRO, will demonstrate the efficacy of store and forward communications. It would be used extensively for the ftransfer of academic material from the University to various colleges.
The 44-metre tall, 230 tonne version of PSLV featuring alternate liquied and solid fuel driven stages also obtained the country's first university-built microsatellite Anusat as a piggy backpayload. In this flight, which blasted of from the second launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota Island on India's eastern coast, the PSLV carried indigenously developed advanced mission computers and advanced telemetry systems that guided the vehicle from lilst-off to the injection of the two satellites into desired orbits.
Risat-II is desiggned for a lifespan of three years. It was put into an orbit 550 km above the earth's surface with an inclination of 41 degrees to the equator and an orbital periods of 90 minutes. Featuring an X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Risat-II is euiped to collect datea even under conditions of cloud, haze and darkness. Its all-weather imaging capability could highly benefical in monitoring natural disters such as floods, landlsides and cyclones. No wonder, ISRO considers the 300 kg Risat-II as a valuable too for dister management.
Moreoer, sinse it can view water bodies and vegation in great detail, Risat-II can also be used for drought monitoring. A fully Indian builit Risat -I microwave imaging satellite carrying a C-band SAR and weighing around 1780 kg is planned to be launched something during this year.
Incidentally, the IRS series of earth observation satelites being operated by India lack the all weather imaging capability. Says Dr G. Madavan Nair, Chairman, ISRO, "So far we have been depending on the Canadian-built Radarsat system for all weather data. Now, we will become independent with out indigenous capability."
Risat-II has made India the fifth country in the world to possess a microwave imaging spce system. The 40 kg Anusat designed for a life span of two years and built by the Chenni-based Anna University under the fguidance of ISRO, will demonstrate the efficacy of store and forward communications. It would be used extensively for the ftransfer of academic material from the University to various colleges.
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
Astronaut dropped tool bag on earth
NASA astronaut during a space walk last year was expected to reach the earth surface on Tuesday. Initially, the tool bag was expected to reach the earth on July 25, but then scientists recalculated the date a "mini-Apocalypse". However specialists could not say where exactly this would happen.
"Tools faor work in outer space are made of specila high-alloy steel, that is why ist is quite probable that some fragments will not burn in the earth atmosphere, but will reach the earth surface," said a space industry expert.
However, according to statistics, the majoprity of debris and space garbage burn as they enter the atmosphere of our planet, the specialist said. So, it is expected that entire tool bag would burn up upon re-entry.
"Tools faor work in outer space are made of specila high-alloy steel, that is why ist is quite probable that some fragments will not burn in the earth atmosphere, but will reach the earth surface," said a space industry expert.
However, according to statistics, the majoprity of debris and space garbage burn as they enter the atmosphere of our planet, the specialist said. So, it is expected that entire tool bag would burn up upon re-entry.
2009-International Year of Astronomy
History of Astronomy can be divide into to parts, one is before invention of Telescope and other one is after invention of telescope. Lot of changes took place in the field of astrology after invention of telescope.
2009 is the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first astronomical observation through a telescope. It will be a year of worldwide celebration, promoting astronomy and its contribution to society and culture.
With 2009 just over the horizon, stargazers around the world are busy preparing for the International Year of Astronomy. A staggering 135 nations are collaborating to bring the universe closer the EArth. Events and activities will take place over the coming 365 days and beyound in a spectacle of cosmic proportions.
The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) has been launched by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under the theme, "The Universe, yours to discover." Thousands of IYA2009 events are described on the national websites, as well as on www.astronomy2009.org
2009 is the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first astronomical observation through a telescope. It will be a year of worldwide celebration, promoting astronomy and its contribution to society and culture.
With 2009 just over the horizon, stargazers around the world are busy preparing for the International Year of Astronomy. A staggering 135 nations are collaborating to bring the universe closer the EArth. Events and activities will take place over the coming 365 days and beyound in a spectacle of cosmic proportions.
The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) has been launched by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under the theme, "The Universe, yours to discover." Thousands of IYA2009 events are described on the national websites, as well as on www.astronomy2009.org
SCIENCE
Day by day science will developing as universe, we must know abut the latest deveopments to move forward the others. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique or practice act. Let we starts from the word science.
MEANING:
SCIENCE the word comes from Latin word scientia, means "knowledge". Means any systematic kge based one Scientific method, and to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Science as discussed in the article is sometimes called experimental science to differentiate it from applied science the application of scientific research to specific human needs although the two are often interconnected.
CLASSIFICATIONS:
Science is a continuing effort to discover and increase human knowledge and understanding through disciplined research. Using controlled methods, scientists collected observable evidence of natural or social phenomena, record measurable data relating to observations, and analyze this information to construct theoretical explanations of how things work. The methods of scientific research include the generation of hypotheses about how phenomena work, and expermentation that tests these hypotheses under controlled conditions, Scientists are also expected to publish their information so other scientist can do similar experiments to double-check their conclusions. The results of this process enable better understanding of past events, and better ability to predict future events of the same kind as those have been tested.
MEANING:
SCIENCE the word comes from Latin word scientia, means "knowledge". Means any systematic kge based one Scientific method, and to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Science as discussed in the article is sometimes called experimental science to differentiate it from applied science the application of scientific research to specific human needs although the two are often interconnected.
CLASSIFICATIONS:
Science is a continuing effort to discover and increase human knowledge and understanding through disciplined research. Using controlled methods, scientists collected observable evidence of natural or social phenomena, record measurable data relating to observations, and analyze this information to construct theoretical explanations of how things work. The methods of scientific research include the generation of hypotheses about how phenomena work, and expermentation that tests these hypotheses under controlled conditions, Scientists are also expected to publish their information so other scientist can do similar experiments to double-check their conclusions. The results of this process enable better understanding of past events, and better ability to predict future events of the same kind as those have been tested.
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